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we are locked and we are going to send

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that command

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31 minutes and 32 seconds for our

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support

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[Music]

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go for status buffer dump

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what you're looking at with a telescope

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of course is the light from billions of

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light years away so the further you look

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the more you're going back towards the

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big bang and understanding how the

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universe was formed

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the webb telescope will be ground

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breaking because it has capabilities

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that are different than the hubble space

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telescope

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we have equipment that is so much more

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powerful than anything we've ever had

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before that it's almost impossible to

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tell what we will discover

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hubble's accomplishments include

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something called the deep feels

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looking out

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into space

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and collecting light sometimes for many

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days these deep feels have revealed

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visually to us

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a universe absolutely teeming with

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galaxies hundreds of billions of

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[Music]

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one of the neat things about the ultra

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deep field and one of the things that

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made it so unique was was how long it

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took us to take that image there's an

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exposure time that's expressed i think

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it's 11.2 days it's a very very long

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exposure time but probably what's more

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important is how many orbits it took us

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to do that 400 orbits of hubble data to

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take that image you only get 15 orbits a

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day to take 400 orbits

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and say we're going to observe this one

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spot in the sky for 400 orbits and the

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really unique thing about that was they

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picked a spot where there wasn't

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anything they looked and they said

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there's absolutely nothing here and they

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said you want to spend 400 hubble orbits

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looking at nothing and they said yes

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because we want to see what it can see

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and i think the results from the science

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i mean it was amazing what they saw was

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[Music]

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hubble spent two weeks taking pictures

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of empty places in sky

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and they saw they weren't empty at all

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they were thousands and thousands of

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we were amazed how many galaxies we've

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we've found and we continue to go back

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to that portion of the sky to increase

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the hubble space telescope is

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an outstanding

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time machine

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it's incredibly important for our

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studies with the hubble space telescope

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to realize that when we're looking at a

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galaxy we're seeing it as it was

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millions of years ago sometimes billions

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of years ago it's taken that long for

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the light to get to us

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what you're looking at with a telescope

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of course is the light from billions of

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light years away so the further you look

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the more you're going back towards the

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big bang and understanding how the

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universe was formed

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what hubble has revealed is that the

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universe has in fact changed over these

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billions of years of time the early

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galaxies the very distant ones as we see

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them

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are

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simple sometimes they're messy looking

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they're small they haven't had time yet

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to form that grand spiral structure

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over time we see galaxies actually

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merging with other galaxies and growing

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bigger and bigger and those mergers can

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look like train wrecks in our hubble

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images

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[Music]

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these very very deep exposures that

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hubble has been able to take we have

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seen right to the edge of the universe

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13 and a half billion years

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when hubble was first designed and

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envisioned it was never thought it could

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actually see that far out but because of

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the advances in the instruments that

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we've been able to put up on the

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telescope and also the cleverness of the

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scientists they've come up with very

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interesting observing scenarios doing

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these really deep exposures where we

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just sit there for orbit after orbit

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after orbit

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gathering the photons we've been able to

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push hubble out very very far

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[Music]

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as hubble looks out into these

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fields of galaxies we sometimes see

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clusters of galaxies these are galaxies

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that are held nearby each other by their

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mutual gravity

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these clusters are

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massive conglomerations there's so much

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mass that they have an actual observable

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impact on space time itself

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einstein predicted that mass distorts

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space but we didn't realize we could

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actually see the effects of that but

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with hubble we have been able to see

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distortions in space around clusters of

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galaxies the way we see that is when

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light from a background galaxy travels

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through that cluster of galaxies or

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around it due to this gravitational

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lensing effect the lensing also

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magnifies that background galaxy so if

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we look in some of these distorted arcs

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we can see more detail than we would

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ever have been able to see

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without gravitational lensing nature's

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there are observations where we're

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explicitly looking for the lensing and

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they're getting science out of that that

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just otherwise would just not be doable

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hubble has really taken that to a next

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level

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it's doing large amounts of astrophysics

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that it's just never been able to do

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some of what we're doing with hubble is

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to prepare for the new james webb

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telescope which we anticipate launching

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in 2021 which will be able to see

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farther into the infrared part of the

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electromagnetic spectrum that enables us

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to see some galaxies that are

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difficult for hubble to see

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because they're so far away

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that their light is traveling through us

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through expanding space and gets

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stretched out into redder wavelengths

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often far into the infrared part of the

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spectrum

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even sometimes beyond what hubble is

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able to detect well the web telescope

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will give us more information about some

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the james webb space telescope is the

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follow-on telescope after the great

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hubble telescope

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it extends the discoveries of hubble

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into the infrared spectrum region

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[Music]

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we think that the first objects that

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grew out of the big bang material

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probably happened in about 100 million

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years after the start

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and we think the webb telescope can pick

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them up they're rare they're hard to

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the farthest we've been able to see with

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the hubble telescope goes back about

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6 800 million years after the expansion

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began

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so

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we think we'll get a much much closer to

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the first objects with the web telescope

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hubble gives information that the web

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telescope cannot give about visible and

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ultraviolet emission from things in the

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universe and when we have all that

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information coming in at the same time

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it's like a banquet of scientific return

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now when we get the complete picture of

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every wavelength you can possibly see

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from ultraviolet to infrared we hope to

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have the story of the growth of the

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first galaxies from the primordial

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material so that will be a huge

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accomplishment that depends on both

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pieces of equipment the hubble telescope

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and the james webb telescope working

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together

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so astronomers are very excited about

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this probability that we'll have both

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the hubble space telescope and the webb

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telescope operating at the same time for

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quite a few years that will give us an

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abundance of new understanding about the

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universe and already right now with

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hubble we're doing preparatory

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observations for the web telescope we're

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using hubble to do things for example

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like surveying distant galaxies to find

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out which ones would be prime targets

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for the webb telescope in fact

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scientists around the world

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are proposing observations with hubble

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right now

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specifically to help us learn

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information that will be useful

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for making the best use of the web

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telescope as soon as it's launched and

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i think the hubble telescope has been

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the most productive science instrument

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ever built in astronomy there's what we

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knew before hubble and now there's what

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we know after hubble they're so

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different of course hubble has now had a

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life of 30 years so it's had a long time

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to make this revolution happen so it's

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not all at once it's a gradual

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revolution but it's still a huge

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revolution

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technology has changed dramatically over

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the 30 years of life of the hubble

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telescope so you couldn't even have

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imagined when the hubble was launched

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that we would have the wonderful cameras

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and spectrometers that we fly today

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we figured out how to send astronauts we

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trained the astronauts we figured out

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what instruments could be put in we

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figured out how to repair everything

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that went wrong on the hubble and it's

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still alive it's today 30 years after

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launch and i am so thrilled to say that

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our people were able to do that

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that's the operations team that makes

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this possible it's a miracle as far as

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i'm concerned because it didn't have to